Assembly & Test

PCB reliability testing: engineer inspecting a finished PCB under magnification before shipment

PCB Reliability Testing: 5 Test Groups and Proven Acceptance Criteria

Finished PCB panel with immersion gold pads on dark solder mask before assembly

ENIG PCB Solderability Failures: Black Pad, Dewetting and Fixes

Stack of copper clad laminate sheets being checked on arrival as the first step of PCB laminate quality control

PCB Laminate Quality: How to Inspect Incoming Material

SMT assembly process flow across eight stages from solder paste printing to reflow, X-ray inspection and electrical test

SMT Assembly Process: Stencil, Placement and Reflow Explained

SMT placement line assembling a green multilayer circuit board in a PCBA factory

How to Choose a PCBA Assembly Supplier: Capability and Audit Checklist

Three controlled impedance structures on PCB artwork: single-ended, differential pair and coplanar waveguide

PCB Impedance Measurement Methods: TDR, VNA, Flying Probe and Coupons

Comparison diagram of IPC-A-600 Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 acceptance levels: typical products, defect tolerance, inspection depth and process discipline

IPC-A-600 Class 3 Explained: Requirements, Inspection and Cost Impact

Seven step outer layer PCB fabrication flow from copper prep and dry film imaging to pattern plating, etching and AOI inspection

Outer Layer PCB Fabrication: Pattern Plating to Final Etch